金刚经祗树给孤独园拼音—祗树给孤独园的读音

翻译的最大缺失是艺术性。

像唐僧,辜鸿铭那样在艺术造诣上能和作者持平甚至超过作者的我们一般称呼为大师,而不是翻译。

辜鸿铭早在1884年发表的《中国学》一文中就指出:理雅各翻译《中国经典》的工作不过是应时之需,虽然数量惊人,但并不都令人满意。辜鸿铭认为正是这些传教士和汉学家歪曲了儒家经典的原义,糟蹋了中国文化,并导致西方人对中国人和中国文明产生种种偏见。为了消除这些偏见,他决定自己翻译儒家经典。1898年辜鸿铭在上海出版了他的第一本译著《论语》(The Discourses and Sayings of Confucius: A New Special Translation, Illustrated with Quotations from Goethe and Other Writers),1906年又推出了第二本译著《中庸》(The Universal Order or Conduct of Life),后来他又翻译了《大学》(Higher Education),但是没有正式出版发行。

他在《论语》译序中声称:我们只想在此表达一个愿望,希望那些有教养有思想的英国人在耐心读过我们的译作之后,能够反思一下他们对中国人已有的成见,并能因此修正谬见,改变他们对于中英两国人民与人民、国与国之间关系的态度。

辜鸿铭翻译儒经最突出的一个特点是意译法,即采用"动态对等"的方法,使译文在表达思想方面起到与原文相同的作用,而不是原文与译文之间字栉句比的机械性转换。在《论语》译序中,他就明确指出他的翻译目的是"让普通英语读者能看懂这本给了中国人智力和道德风貌的中文小册子",因此他努力"使孔子及其弟子的谈话方式,就像有教养的英国人在表达与这些中国俊杰同样的思想时一样。"在《中庸》译序中,他进一步阐明他的翻译观点:"彻底掌握其中之意义,不仅译出原作的文字,还要再现原作的风格。"辜鸿铭在具体的翻译工作中,确实努力实践着这一翻译宗旨。例如:

1.《论语·学而第1》中子贡与孔子的一段对话。子贡曰:"贫而无谄,富而无骄,何如?"子曰:"可也。未若贫而乐道,富而好礼者也。"辜鸿铭译为:"A disciple of Confucius said to him,' To be poor and yet not to be servile; to be rich and yet not to be proud, what do you say to that?'' It is good, 'replied Confucius, 'but better still it is to be poor and yet contented; to be rich and yet know how to be courteous.'" 句中"谄"字译得尤为精彩,servile 远比flatter 更能表情达意。而且整个译句简洁明了,既符合英语的表达习惯,又与原句语体风格相互呼应。

2.《论语·子罕第9》中记载颜回赞叹孔子之道高且深的那段话:"仰之弥高,钻之弥坚。瞻之在前,忽焉在后。夫子循循善诱人,博我以文,约我以礼,欲罢不能。"辜将之译为:"The more I have looked up to it the higher it appears. The more I tried to penetrate into it the more impenetrable it seems to be. When I have thought I have laid hold of it here, lo! it is there. But the Master knows admirably how to lead people on step by step. He has enlarged my mind with an extensive knowledge of the arts, while guiding and correcting my judgment and taste. Thus I could not stop in my progress, even if I would."

辜氏的这段译文很好地保持了原文言简意赅的特点。"仰之弥高,钻之弥坚。瞻之在前,忽焉在后" 译成"The more I have looked up to it the higher it appears. The more I tried to penetrate into it the more impenetrable it seems to be" , 对仗工整,用词洗练到位。"When I have thought I have laid hold of it here, lo! it is there" 一句则将颜回慨叹孔子之道高深不可捉摸的语气栩栩如声地传递出来,让人如闻其声,如见其人。辜氏将"欲罢不能"译成"Thus I could not stop in my progress, even if I would", 充分挖掘了原文的内涵和神韵并将之生动地再现出来。

辜氏再现原作风格的努力还体现在以诗译诗,即把《论语》、《中庸》等中出现的诗歌片段同样用诗歌的形式表现出来。由于辜氏精通中英文,所以译得颇为成功。如《论语·微子篇第18》中楚狂接舆之歌:"凤兮凤兮!何德之衰?往者不可谏,来者尤可追。已而,已而!今之从政者殆而!"辜氏是这样译的:

"O Phoenix bird! O Phoenix bird,

"Where is the glory of your prime?

"The past, --t is useless now to change,

"Care for the future yet is time.

"Renounce! Give up your chase in vain;

"For those who serve in Court and State

"Dire peril follows in their train."

全诗分为三节,共7行,每行8个音节,双行押韵,读后琅琅上口。全诗的关键"Renounce! give up your chase in vain", 把接舆对于孔子没有于乱世之际隐退的不理解和惋惜之情充分地表达出来。

辜鸿铭翻译儒家书籍的另外一个重要特点是引用歌德、卡莱尔、阿诺德、莎士比亚等西方著名作家和思想家的话来注释某些经文,这在儒经翻译史上还是第一次。辜氏在《论语》译序中解释了其用意:"为了让读者彻底理解书中思想的含义,我们引用了欧洲一些非常著名作家的话,作为注释。通过唤起业已熟悉的思路,这些注释或许可以吸引那些了解这些作家的读者。"近代中国于西方的文化交流虽然是双向的,但"西学东渐"的势力始终要比"东学西渐"强大得多,且西方人在对东学进行选择时总是带着殖民者高高在上的蔑视态度,因此,与东方文化的隔膜甚深。在这种情况下,辜氏的儒经注释法对于帮助西方读者理解中国文化无疑是很有意义的。

除了引用欧洲名家作注之外,辜氏还在注释中将书中出现的中国人物、中国朝代与西方历史上具有相似特点的人物和时间段作横向比较。如将颜回比作圣·约翰,子路比作圣·彼得,尧比作亚伯拉罕等。对于夏朝这样一个时间概念,辜氏作了这样的比拟:夏朝之于孔子时代的人就如希腊历史之于现代欧洲人。这样的比较未必恰当,但却有助于那些对中国文化知之甚少的西方人更好地把握儒家经典的内容。

辜鸿铭所译的《论语》、《中庸》等较之以前西方传教士和汉学家的儒经译本有了质的飞跃,可以说是儒经西译史上的一个里程碑,但由于思想和时代的局限性,他的译作中存在着这样或那样的不足之处。

辜氏译经最大的缺点在于过分意译。其表现之一就是在把握大意的前提下,随意增添许多原文没有的内容。如对"学而时习之,不亦说乎?有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?"(《论语·学而第1》)一句的翻译。辜氏的译文为:"It is indeed a pleasure to acquire knowledge and, as you go on acquiring, to put into practice what you have acquired. A greater pleasure still it is when friends of congenial minds come from afar to seek you because of your attainments." 其中"as you go on acquiring", "greater", "of congenial minds"和"because of your attainments"都超出了原文的内容。表现之二 是将译文中出现的大量中国人名、地名删掉。

如在《论语》中,他只保留了颜回和仲由的名字,而孔子的其他弟子则直接翻译为"孔子的一个弟子"或"另一个弟子"。虽然他这样做的动机是好的:"为了进一步除去英语读者会产生的古怪感和奇异感,只要有可能,我们就删除其中的专有名词。"(见《论语》译序)但对于帮助西方读者更好地了解中国文化这一点,并没有好处,因为儒经中出现的中国人名、地名往往包含着丰富的文化内容,删掉之后就会改变原文的文化色彩和民族色彩。翟林奈(Lionel Giles)在他自己的《论语》译本(The Sayings of Confucius)中就指出辜氏的这种做法只会使刻画人物形象的力度大打折扣,而人物塑造正是《论语》的引人之处。

对于辜氏英译儒经,曾存在过两种截然相反的评价:一种是赞美推崇,一种是否定批评。持前一种观点的以林语堂为代表。林语堂在《从异教徒到徒》一书中这样评价道:"他(辜鸿铭)了不起的功绩是翻译了儒家《四书》的三部,不只是忠实的翻译,而且是一种创造性的翻译,古代经典的光透过一种深的了然的哲学的注入。他事实上扮演东方观念语西方观念的电镀匠。他的《孔子的言论》,饰以歌德、席勒、罗斯金、及朱贝尔的有启发性的妙语。有关儒家书籍的翻译,得力于他对原作的深切了解。"持否定态度的则以王国维为代表。王国维曾认真研读过辜氏翻译的《中庸》,并著书《辜汤生英译〈中庸〉后》一文指陈其中大小弊病若干条,认为辜氏的翻译尝试乃一大失败。

金刚经

The Diamond Sutra

Om namo Bhagavatyai Arya-Prajnaparamitayai!

Homage to the Perfection of Wisdom, the Lovely, the Holy!

法会因由分第一

梵文

Evam maya srutam ekasmin samaye. Bhagavan Sravastyam viharati sma

Jetavane'nathapindadasya-arame mahata bhiksu-samghena sarddham ardhatrayodasabhir bhiksu-sataih sambahulais ca bodhisattvair mahasattvaih. Atha khalu Bhagavan purvahnakala-samaye nivasya patracivaram adaya Sravastim maha-nagarim pindaya praviksat. Atha khalu Bhagavan Sravastim maha-nagarim pindaya caritva krta-bhakta-krtyah pascadbhaktapindapata-pratikrantah patra-civaram pratisamya padau praksalya nyasidat prajnapta evaasane paryankam abhujya rjum kayam pranidhaya, pratimukhim smrtim upasthapya. Atha khalu sambahula bhiksavo yena Bhagavams tenopasamkraman upasamkramya Bhagavatah padau sirobhir abhivandya Bhagavantam trispradaksinikrtyaikante nyasidan.

古文

如是我闻。一时佛在舍卫国只树给孤独园。与大比丘众、千二百五十人俱。尔时,释尊食时,著衣持钵,入舍卫大城乞食。於其城中次第乞已,还至本处。饭食讫,收衣钵,洗足已,敷座而坐。

英文

Thus have I heard at one time. The Lord dwelt at Sravasti, in the Jeta Grove, in the garden of Anathapindika, together with a large gathering of monks, consisting of 1,250 monks, and with many Bodhisattvas, great beings. Early in the morning the Lord dressed, put on his cloak, took his bowl, and entered the great city of Sravasti to collect alms. When he had eaten and returned from his round, the Lord put away his bowl and cloak, washed his feet, and sat down on the seat arranged for him, crossing his legs, holding his body upright, and mindfully fixing his attention in front of him. Then many monks approached to where the Lord was, saluted his feet with their heads, thrice walked round him to the right, and sat down on one side.

白话

第一章 佛说金刚经的起因

那是在很早的时候,佛在古印度舍卫国的祗树给孤独园,创办了一所学校,一共有一千二百五十个学生。每天到了吃午饭的时候,佛就要穿好袈裟,拿着钵盂去化缘,然后把化缘得到的食品拿回来食用,吃完之后还要打水洗脚(因为印度人是光着脚走路的),然后整理好自己的座位,开始打坐练功。

善现启请分第二

梵文

Evam ukte Bhagavan ayusmantam Subhutim etad avocat: Sadhu sadhu Subhute, evam etad yatha vadasi. Anuparigrhitas Tathagatena bodhisattva mahasattvah paramena-anugrahena, parinditas Tathagatena bodhisattva mahasattvah paramaya parindanaya. Tena hi Subhute srnu sadhu ca susthu ca manasikuru, bhasisye 'ham te yatha bodhisattva-yana-samprasthitena sthatavyam yatha pratipattavyam yatha cittam pragrahitavyam. Evam Bhagavann ity ayusman Subhutir Bhagavatah pratyasrausit.

古文

时长老须菩提,在大众中,即从座起偏袒右肩,右膝著地,合掌恭敬而白佛言:希有世尊,如来善护念诸菩萨,善付嘱诸菩萨。世尊,善男子善女人,发阿耨多罗三藐三菩提心,应云何住,云何降伏其心?

佛言:善哉善哉。须菩提,如汝所说,如来善护念诸菩萨,善付嘱诸菩萨。汝今谛听,当为汝说。善男子善女人,发阿耨多罗三藐三菩提心,应如是住,如是降伏其心。唯然,世尊,愿乐欲闻。

英文

At that time the Venerable Subhuti came to that assembly, and sat down. Then he rose from his seat, put his upper robe over one shoulder, placed his right knee on the ground, bent forth his folded hands towards the Lord, and said to the Lord: 'It is wonderful O Lord, it is exceedingly wonderful, O Well-Gone, how much the Bodhisattvas, the great beings, have been helped with the greatest help by the Tathagata, the Arhat, the Fully Enlightened One. It is wonderful, O Lord, how much the Bodhisattvas, the great beings, have been favoured with the highest favour by the Tathagata, the Arhat, the Fully Enlightened One. How then, O Lord, should a son or daughter of good family, who have set out in the Bodhisattva-vehicle, stand, how progress, how control their thoughts?'

After these words the Lord said to the Venerable Subhuti: 'Well said, well said,Subhuti! So it is, Subhuti, so it is, as you say! The Tathagata, Subhuti, has helped the Bodhisattvas, the great beings with the greatest help, and he has favoured them with the highest favour. Therefore, 'Subhuti, listen well, and attentively! I will teach you how those who have set out in the Bodhisattva vehicle should stand, how progress, how control their thoughts.' 'So be it, O Lord', replied the Venerable Subhuti and listened.

白话

第二章 须菩提站起来提问

这时候有一位名叫须菩提长者从座位上站了起来,只见他鹤发童颜,长须飘飘。他向佛行了一个礼,双掌合十恭敬地说:“先生,您经常教导我们要看护好看自己的念头,随时反思自己的言行,莫以恶小而为之,莫以善小而不为。那么,对于那些普普通通一心向道的人而言,应该如何想、如何做、如何平息自己内心的烦恼呢?”

佛说:“这个问题提得好!下面我就来解答你的问题。”

大乘正宗分第三

梵文

Bhagavan etad avocat: Iha Subhute bodhisattva-yana-samprasthitena evam cittam

utpadayitavyam: Yavantah Subhute sattvah sattvadhatau sattva-samgrahena samgrhita anda-ja va jarayu-ja va samsveda-ja vaupapaduka va, rupino va-arupino va, samjnino va-asamjnino va naiva samjnino na-asamjnino va, yavan kascit sattvadhatu-prajnapyamanah prajnapyate, te ca maya sarve nupadhisese nirvana-dhatau parinirvapayitavyah. Evam aparimanam api sattvan parinirvapya na kascit sattvah parinirvapito bhavati. Tat kasya hetoh? Sacet Subhute bodhisattvasya sattva-samjna pravarteta, na sa bodhisattva iti vaktavyah. Tat kasya hetoh? Na sa Subhute bodhisattvo vaktavyo yasya-atma-samjna pravarteta, sattva-samjna va jiva-samjna va pudgala-samjna va pravarteta.

古文

佛告须菩提:诸菩萨摩诃萨,应如是降伏其心。

所有一切众生之类,若卵生、若胎生、若湿生、若化生、若有色、若无色、若有想、若无想、若非有想、非无想,我皆令入无余涅盘而灭度之。

如是灭度无量无数无边众生,实无众生得灭度者。何以故,须菩提,若菩萨有我相人相众生相寿者相,即非菩萨。

英文

The Lord said: Here, Subhuti, someone who has set out in the vehicle of a Bodhisattva should produce a thought in this manner:

'As many beings as there are in the universe of beings, comprehended under the term "beings" egg-born, born from a womb, moisture-born, or miraculously born; with or without form; with perception, without perception, and with neither perception nor non-perception, as far as any conceivable form of beings is conceived: all these I must lead to Nirvana, into that Realm of Nirvana which leaves nothing behind.

And yet, although innumerable beings have thus been led to Nirvana, no being at all has been led to Nirvana.' And why? If in a Bodhisattva the notion of a 'being' should take place, he could not be called a 'Bodhi-being'. 'And why? He is not to be called a Bodhi-being, in whom the notion of a self or of a being should take place, or the notion of a living soul or of a person.'

白话

第三章 大乘佛教的思想

佛接着说:“各位同学,怎样才能使自己心平如水,没有烦恼呢?凡是有生命的东西,比如卵生的、胎生的、湿气所生的、化生的,还有那些有思维的、没有思维的、甚至无所谓有没有思维但是有感觉的生物。我都要让他们进入心物同一的境界,解脱生死。

我教化了无数众生,可是我并不觉得自己就多么伟大。为什么这么说呢?一个自称为得道的人,如果心目中总是有自我、有他人、有众生、有高低长幼的概念,那说明他没有在头脑中消除这些概念的对立,也就是没有真正地得道。”

唐僧五不翻”原则最早记载于南宋法云《翻译名义序》第一卷〈十种通号〉第一“婆伽婆”条,原文如下:唐奘法师明五种不翻:一、秘密故不翻,陀罗尼是。二、多含故不翻,如“薄伽梵”含六义故。三、此无故不翻,如阎浮树。四、顺古故不翻,如“阿耨菩提”,实可翻之。但摩腾已来存梵音故。五、生善故不翻,如“般若”尊重,智慧轻浅。令人生敬,是故不翻。

此处“不翻”并不是指不翻译,而是说“不意译”,而是音译。一、具有神秘色彩的词不翻,佛经里有许多咒语,比如“陀罗尼”翻了则会失去其特殊的意义,所以不翻;二、含义多不翻,即一词多义的梵文不翻,如“薄伽梵”一词有六种意义,故保留原文,只作音译;三、此土所无不翻,即在译语文化中没有的事物概念不翻,如佛教中的“阎浮树”是印度特有的一种树,应音译;四、顺古不翻,即约定俗成的词语应该遵循习惯采取音译。如已有古人把某些佛教专用语译出,如“阿耨菩提”,虽可再译,但造成混乱,因此最好要照用古人翻译,不再作新的翻译;五、生善故不翻是指有些词汇用音译能令人生尊重之念,否则容易等闲视之。比如,梵文里“般若”的意思和智慧差不多,但如果我们把“般若”翻译成“智慧”就显得轻浅。 简单来说,玄奘提出的“五不翻”原则实际上就是“音译”的原则。由于文化差异的原因,翻译时,人们经常会在目的语中无法找到现成的对应词,这时往往采用音译的方法。英译汉中音译的现象非常普遍,其表现形式主要有威妥玛拼音和汉语拼音,如KungFu(功夫)、Kowtow(磕头)等就是威妥玛拼音的形式。

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